This truly comprehensive reference, in a mini-series format with five volumes, offers a detailed description of both well-known and recently introduced methods for percutaneous penetration enhancement. The first three volumes are devoted to the broad range of chemical methods used to enhance the skin delivery of drugs, including the vast variety of chemical penetration enhancers, drug and vehicle manipulation strategies, nanocarriers, and many others. The fourth volume discusses the diverse physical methods used in penetration enhancement, such as sonophoresis, iontophoresis, electroporation, microporation, laser ablation, and microneedles. Determination of drug penetration is covered in the final volume, with a focus especially on mathematics in skin permeation and modern analytical techniques adapted to assess and measure penetration. This edition ofPercutaneous Penetration Enhancers will be an invaluable resource for researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, practitioners, andalso students.

Howard I. Maibach is Professor of Dermatology at the University of California, San Francisco. He is a leading authority in the fields of dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology, in which he has conducted much original research and written very extensively, with a total of more than 2,500 publications as lead or co-author. Professor Maibach has served on the editorial boards of more than 30 scientific journals and is a member of many professional societies, including the American Academy of Dermatology and the International Commission on Occupational Health. He has also been the recipient of numerous honors, both within the United States and overseas.

Nina Dragievi-uri graduated from the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy in 1999 and subsequently obtained an MSc and a PhD (summa cum laude, Dr. rer. nat.) in Pharmaceutical Technology from the University of Belgrade and the Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, respectively. Dr. Dragievi-uri is an accredited Specialistin Pharmaceutical Technology. From 2007 to 2013 she was responsible for the preparation of compounded drugs in pharmacies of the state pharmaceutical company Apoteka "Beograd" in Belgrade, and in 2013 she was appointed Director of the Production Department in the same company. She has published in a variety of international journals.

THE SKIN.- The Skin Structure And Penetration Pathways Through The Skin.- The Increasing Importance Of The Follicular Route In Dermal And Transdermal Drug Delivery.- The Importance Of SC Lipid Organization For Skin Barrier Function .- Nanostructure Of The Epidermal Extracellular Space Investigated By Cryo-Electron Microscopy And Tomography.- The Correlation Between Transepidermal Water Loss And Percutaneous Drug Absorption.- Influence Of Excipients  On The Stratum Corneum Lipids And Epidermal Tight Junctions.-  PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN SKIN DELIVERY.- Classification Of Penetration Enhancement Techniques.- DRUG MANIPULATION STRATEGIES IN PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT.- Selection Of A Proper Prodrug For Penetration Enhancement .- Supersaturated Solutions For Penetration Enhancement.- Eutectic Systems For Penetration Enhancement.- INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE EFFECTS IN PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT.- Dermal and Transdermal Formulations.- EMULSIONS (AS SKIN DELIVERY SYSTEMS) AS VEHICLES FOR SKIN DELIVERY.- GELS AS VEHICLES FOR SKIN DELIVERY.