A comprehensive treatment of the chemistry and physics of mechanical hardness Chemistry and Physics of Mechanical Hardness presents a general introduction to hardness measurement and the connections between hardness and fundamental materials properties. Beginning with an introduction on the importance of hardness in the development of technology, the book systematically covers: * Indentation * Chemical bonding * Plastic deformation * Covalent semiconductors * Simple metals and alloys * Transition metals * Intermetallic compounds * Ionic crystals * Metalmetalloids * Oxides * Molecular crystals * Polymers * Glasses * Hot hardness * Chemical hardness * Superhard materials Chemistry and Physics of Mechanical Hardness is essential reading for materials scientists, mechanical engineers, metallurgists, ceramists, chemists, and physicists who are interested in learning how hardness is related to other properties and to the building blocks of everyday matter.

John J. Gilman, PhD, is Research Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UCLA. He has been contributing to the scientific literature of mechanical hardness for almost fifty years. Dr. Gilman is the author of three other books and 325 technical papers, and the owner of six patents. He has been an editor for various books and magazines.

Leseprobe

1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Why hardness matters (a short history). 1.2. Purpose of this book. 1.3. The nature of hardness. 2. INDENTATION. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. The Chin-Gilman parameter. 2.3. What does indentation hardness measure? 2.4. "Indentation Size Effect". 2.5. Indentation size. 2.6. Indentation vs. scratch hardness. 2.7. Blunt or "soft" indenters. 2.8. Anisotropy. 2.9. Indenter and Specimen Surfaces. 3. CHEMICAL BONDING. 3.1. Forms of bonding. 3.2. Atoms. 3.3. State symmetries. 3.4. Molecular bonding (hydrogen). 3.5. Covalent bonds. 3.6. Bonding in solids. 3.7. Electrodynamic bonding. 3.8. Polarizability. 4. PLASTIC DEFORMATION. 4.1. Introduction . 4.2. Dislocation movement. 4.3. Importance of symmetry. 4.4. Local inelastic shearing of atoms. 4.5. Dislocation multiplication. 4.6. Individual dislocation velocities (microscopic distances). 4.7. Viscous drag. 4.8. "Deformation softening" and elastic relaxation. 4.9. Macroscopic plastic deformation. 5. COVALENT SEMICONDUCTORS. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Octahedral shear stiffness. 5.3. Chemical bonds and dislocation mobility. 5.4. Behavior of kinks. 5.5. Effect of polarity. 5.6. Photoplasticity. 5.7. Surface environments. 5.8. Effect of temperature. 5.9. Doping effects. 6. SIMPLE METALS AND ALLOYS. 6.1. Intrinsic behavior. 6.2. Extrinsic sources of plastic resistance. 7. TRANSITION METALS. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Rare earth metals. 8. INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Crystal structures. 8.3. Calculated hardness of NiAl. 8.4. Superconducting intermetallic compounds. 8.5. Transition metal compounds. 9. IONIC CRYSTALS. 9.1. Alkali halides. 9.2. Glide in the NaCl structure. 9.3. Alkali halide alloys. 9.4. Glide in the CsCl structure. 9.5. Effect of imputities. 9.6. Alkaline earth fluorides. 9.7. Alkaline earth sulfides. 9.8. Photomechanical effects. 9.9. Effects of applied electric fields. 9.10. Magneto-plasticity. 10. METAL-METALLOIDS (hard metals). 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Carbides. 10.3. Tungsten carbide. 10.4. Borides. 10.5. Titanium diboride. 10.6. Rare metal diborides. 10.7. Hexaborides. 10.8. ¤oron carbide (carbon quasi-hexaboride). 10.9. Nitrides. 11. OXIDES. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Silicates. 11.3. Cubic oxides. 11.4. Hexagonal (rhombohedral) oxides. 11.5. Comparion of transition metal oxides with "hard metals". 12. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Anthracene. 12.3. Sucrose. 12.4. Amino acids. 12.5. Protein crystals. 12.6. Energetic crystals (explosives). 12.7. Commentary. 13. POLYMERS. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Thermosetting resins (phenolic and epoxide). 13.3. Thermoplastic polymers. 13.4. Mechanisms of inelastic plasticity. 13.5. "Natural" polymers (plants). 13.6. "Natural" polymers (animals). 14. GLASSES. 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. Inorganic glasses. 14.3. Metallic glasses. 15. HOT HARDNESS. 15.1. Introduction. 15.2. Nickel aluminide versus oxides. 15.3. Other hard compounds. 15.4. Metals. 15.5. Intermetallic compounds. 16. CHEMICAL HARDNESS. 16.1. Introduction . 16.2. Definition of Chemical hardness. 16.3. Physical (mechanical) hardness. 16.4. Hardness and electronic stability. 16.5. Chemical and elastic hardness (stiffness). 16.6. Band gap densit ...